NAD⁺ is a central redox coenzyme and signaling metabolite that participates in cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair (as a substrate for PARPs), and sirtuin-dependent deacetylation pathways. Extensive preclinical research across cell and animal models has mapped how perturbations in NAD⁺ homeostasis affect mitochondrial function, genomic stability, and inflammatory responses; contemporary reviews synthesize mechanistic data on NAD⁺ biosynthesis, compartmentalized NAD⁺ pools, and how NAD⁺ modulation influences age-related phenotypes and regenerative processes in nonclinical systems. The literature emphasizes biochemical pathways and experimental interventions used to restore or probe NAD⁺ biology in laboratory contexts.

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